The legal system is composed of institutions, processes and procedures that interpret and enforce laws. It forms the foundation of a country’s social contract with its people, offering legal protection and redress for breaches in rights, combatting corruption and providing justice to victims.
Religious and Secular Law
Religious texts and practices are among the primary sources of legal rules, often interpreted by various authorities such as scholars, judges and attorneys. Popular religious traditions and faiths include Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Shintoism and Sikhism – each having their own distinctive legal system.
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Religious systems are founded on beliefs and observances of deities and prophets that guide society by determining how to live, behave, and what actions are acceptable or unacceptable. There is a great deal of diversity within these views which often gets reflected in the law that guides us.
Secular and Civil Law
In the Western world, most jurisdictions have codified laws known as civil law. These are drawn from Roman, Greek and European civil and customary codes; sometimes religious regulations also exist. In America for instance, federal courts have adopted common law traditions from England and its former colonies.
Common law systems are founded on the principle of stare decisis, or “let the decision stand.” This requires courts to follow prior judicial rulings when dealing with a case, helping ensure consistency and predictability in the legal system while eliminating ambiguity.
The judiciary in a country’s legal system makes decisions about how laws should be applied, enforced or interpreted and what punishment should be meted out for violations. Their role is essential in guaranteeing fairness and accountability, with their independence playing an integral role in democracy.
In modern nation-states, the laws of the state are usually established through either a constitution or legislative enactments. The constitution typically defines the scope of national government powers and may also impose sanctions on its executive branch.
No matter the law, individuals have always been free to challenge the legal system in court. This is the best way to guarantee that laws are fair and the judicial process runs efficiently.
Independent Judicial System
The efficiency and effectiveness of a legal system depends on its courts’ independence and prosecutorial strength. An independent judiciary is essential to upholding the rule of law, preventing corruption from undermining legal rights and victims of unfair treatment.
Police and Prosecutor
Under common law, police are responsible for investigating crimes and collecting evidence. They possess extensive investigative powers and often have the power to arrest perpetrators without a warrant.
In most common law systems, it is the prosecutor’s role to file charges against an accused if there is enough evidence for trial. They have broad discretion in selecting which charges they file and how they present their evidence at trial.
